Snickers Scores With Super Bowl Spot

With more than a little help from Betty White and Abe Vigoda, Mars topped USA Today's AdMeter for 2010 Super Bowl television advertisements.

For anyone out there who thought Abe Vigoda had passed on, and Mars' ad was just another technological resurrection of a dead actor to sell products, like me, you're operating on old and incorrect information, really old and incorrect information.

People magazine apparently jumped the gun back in 1982, and I never caught the correction or the many running jokes that followed his premature obituary. OK, so I apparently missed every one of his film and television appearances since then too.

While we're on the subject of missing information, for those of you who never caught my previous post about whether Mars could pursue the cross-section of a Snickers candy bar -- as a trademark -- here you go. For those of you who never caught Dan's post about Snickers apparent efforts to establish non-traditional trademark rights, here you go.

Note the prominent candy bar cross-section in the final scene of the Snickers commercial?

Mars, us hungry trademark types are waiting. . . . 

Question Mark Brands?

A couple of months ago I blogged about Branding Exclamations!

Before that I blogged about Increasingly Intense Ellipsis Branding . . . .

Now, it appears I must revisit the subject of punctuation mark branding given Cadbury Adams' new Mega Mystery Stride brand gum, prominently featuring a question mark logo on the packaging where the S logo normally appears.

The mystery apparently surrounds the presently undisclosed flavor of the gum. The unknown flavor appears to be part of Stride's claimed Ridiculously Long Lasting Gum, not to be confused, of course, with Wrigley's Curiously Strong mints and gum (Altoids).

Anyway, my daughter brought a pack of the ? gum home and said, "Daddy, you should blog about this," so now you know the inspiration for my curiously strong or ridiculously long attention to this subject.

I fully expected to find a pending trademark application filed by Cadbury Adams for the "?" symbol, given its ridiculously flavorful interest in single letter chewing gum brands. To my surprise, however, I found none, at least yet.

As you might have imagined, I did find some "?" trademarks of others, as shown below. Do you recognize any of them? Each "?" image is linked to the corresponding trademark record at the U.S. Trademark Office.

 Mark Image Mark Image Mark Image Mark Image Mark Image Mark Image   

Turns out, there is a ? trademark battle heating up too. Not in the world of confections, but rather in the world of fashion. Just days ago, Guess IP Holder L.P., owner of the famous Guess brand, filed a Trademark Opposition against one of the above Question Mark logos, guess which one?

It asserted ownership of these federally-registered trademarks:

 Mark Image  

But not any of these, for some reason:

Mark Image Mark Image

To find out, click here for a link to a copy of the Notice of Opposition.

Any more questions?

Super Bowl Advertising: A Super Media Buy?

The Super Bowl is much more than a football game to determine a champion; it is a cultural phenomenon. One of the most important elements of Super Bowl Sunday isn’t the on the field action; it is the commercials on television during the breaks in the action. For companies that want to advertise during the game, it is quite costly to partake in this action. A 30 second spot during Super Bowl XLIV will cost $2.5-2.8 million. That figure only includes paying the television network for the time. It doesn’t include costs to produce the ad. The final cost for a 30 second Super Bowl ad could easily run $4 million +. With this in mind, there’s one glaring question. Is Super Bowl advertising worth the cost?

The answer to this question isn’t a simple and definitive yes or no. Advertising during the Super Bowl can raise brand awareness. It also can be used simply to remind a target market of the importance of a brand within a product category. Using an ad in this manner would reinforce existing brand beliefs and hopefully induce a desire to purchase. However, a Super Bowl advertisement can affect a company negatively if not executed correctly. The effectiveness of Super Bowl advertising depends on the perspective of the advertiser, a brand’s strategic objectives and other marketing mix elements.

One of the appealing elements of advertising during the Super Bowl is the fact that it consistently draws a significant audience. More than 90 million people in the United States have watched each of the last 4 Super Bowls. Every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXVII in January 1993 has drawn at least 80 million viewers. This is noteworthy because television audiences have become far more fragmented over time. The proliferation of television networks with cable/satellite TV, video entertainment options such as video games and DVDs and the vast array of Internet content have been the primary causes of audience fragmentation. The Super Bowl has been one of the few television programs that has been relatively unscathed by audience fragmentation. As a result, the network broadcasting the game (CBS this year) can charge premium pricing for advertising.

Continue Reading...

First iPhone, Now iPad: Guessing at Apple's Trademark Clearance Strategy

Can you spot the genuine iPad?

Back in July, I blogged about my then-discovery that Apple did not own the federal trademark registration for iPhone.  Needless to say, when I heard about Apple's new iPad product, I just had to see if they were out in front in securing trademark rights to this name.  They're not, at least not in the U.S.  As you may have read in the Wall Street Journal here and here, Fujitsu owns a pending U.S. trademark application for IPAD for use in connection with "hand-held computing device for wireless networking in a retail environment."  Fujitsu claims first use of the mark in January 2002. 

Apple?  Well, it appears that Apple is using a proxy (itself a subject for a whole separate discussion) by the name of IP Application Development to secure registered rights to the IPAD trademark.  That application claims priority to a July 2009 application filed in Trinidad and Tobago.  (Trinidad and Tobago?  Another discussion topic.)

Let's see:  Marks are identical, goods are highly similar, if not identical, and priority of January 2002 versus July 2009.  Slam dunk, right?  "No contest," you say?  Apple, pick again?

NOT SO FAST!  No, this may get interesting.  You see, Fujitsu's application to register IPAD lapsed and was declared abandoned, only to be revived in June 2009 -- a mere month before Apple's first apparent claim to rights.  This makes for a much closer race.  Further, Apple (not IP Application Development) has filed extensions of time to oppose Fujitsu's IPAD trademark application--extensions that will expire on February 28.  We should know Apple's next move within a month's time.

My assessment?  Unlike horseshoes and hand grenades, closer does not count for much here.  Priority is priority, and Apple is likely to face a difficult time surmounting some eight years of common law rights that appear to belong to Fujitsu, even if it could somehow bring down Fujitsu's application, which doesn't look promising.  (Trademark geeks see here for reason.)

Combined with the iPhone kerfuffle, I am now really wondering what Apple's trademark clearance process and discussions are like.  Selling iPods and iPhones is like printing money, so maybe Apple believes that it can just buy its way through all of these thickets.  Even so, wouldn't you want the purchase complete before the product unveiling? 

Like Sands Through the Hourglass...

Thinking about filing a trademark opposition against a competitor’s pending trademark application? Thinking about filing a civil suit against a competitor’s corresponding trademark use? Often, upon the filing of a civil trademark suit and a request to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (“TTAB”), the TTAB will suspend the opposition pending the disposition of the civil suit. Generally, the expectation is that the civil suit will wrap up within a few years, sometimes rendering the subject of the opposition proceeding moot.

But from time to time it is possible for a civil suit to linger – causing its corresponding TTAB action to do the same. The most notorious of such cases (at present) is United Black Fund v. National Black United Fund, Inc., Cancellation No. 92013503. The cancellation proceeding was filed in 1982 and suspending in 1984 pending the outcome of a corresponding civil action in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. The lawsuit was administratively closed by the court in order to allow “the parties the opportunity to resolve their differences.” If my calculations are right, the parties have provided the TTAB with at least 10 status reports since suspending the action corresponding to the TTAB’s inquiries into the civil suit every two or three years over the past 25 years or so.

The petitioner’s most recent filing indicates that the civil suit remained administratively closed as of December 2009 and that the parties were engaged in settlement talks. The United Black Fund has used its mark in connection with fundraising activities since 1969, while the Black United Fund has done so since 1977. Both continue to offer those same services today, as seen here and here, presumably without any settlement regarding how the parties may use their marks. It would seem that this 28-year-long saga has played itself out, but only time will tell.

Of (USC) Trojans and (USC) Gamecocks

A few weeks ago, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals issued its decision in The University of South Carolina v. the University of Southern California in South Carolina’s appeal from the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (“TTAB”).  The Federal Circuit affirmed the TTAB’s finding that consumers are likely to be confused by South Carolina’s use of this design on clothing:



And Southern California’s use of this design on clothing:



I’ve written before about the lucrative field of collegiate sports merchandising.  Given the millions of dollars at stake, it’s therefore no surprise that these universities have spent thousands upon thousands of dollars taking this case to the Court of Appeals; it’s also no surprise that South Carolina is considering an appeal to the Supreme Court.  

In reaching its decision, the Federal Circuit considered many of the usual arguments – such as the parties respective channels of trade (found to be similar), the conditions under which consumers would purchase the parties’ respective merchandise (found to be similar), and the parties’ simultaneous use of their marks in commerce without confusion (found to be insignificant).  In fleshing out this argument, the Court noted a number points that would seem to work against a finding of likely confusion: the schools are located on opposite sides of the country, many collegiate sports fans are sophisticated when it comes to recognizing their teams, and no instance of actual confusion has been reported.  Moreover, South Carolina presented evidence that at least sixteen other universities and colleges represent themselves as SC, indicating that college students and sports fans are sufficiently knowledgeable to recognize their desired school.  (Notably, the parties were able to come to an agreement regarding concurrent use of the mark USC in connection with education services, with Southern California taking Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, New Mexico, Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Massachusetts, Illinois, and Hawaii and South Carolina taking Wisconsin, Mississippi, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, Arkansas, Louisiana, Connecticut, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Florida, Rhode Island, Delaware, the District of Columbia and, interestingly, Alaska).

Nevertheless, the Court upheld the TTAB’s finding that, as the disputed marks are “legally identical,” there is a likelihood of consumer confusion among them.  As a result, South Carolina’s application to register its design mark has been refused.  While this decision does not prevent South Carolina from using its design mark in connection with merchandise, it does deprive South Carolina of the benefits of registration – including the ability to enforce infringing use of its own mark nationwide.  

In a nice article on this matter, the Los Angeles Times has queried, “Would a reasonable person confuse a USC logo on a garnet-and-black ball cap in Columbia, S.C., with the same letters on cardinal-and-gold sportswear worn by a Trojans fan at the Coliseum?”

What do you think?

What a Croc!

It's not every day you get a chance to use that phrase in a headline. But, what may become known as the "The Cayman Kerfuffle", presents the perfect opportunity.

Would a reasonable person find these confusingly similar?

         

 

$51,000 Blue Cayman                                                      $30 Blue Cayman

Let's see, one is a sleek, pricey, well-engineered, high performance sports car that is available in a variety of colors, the other is a stubby, inexpensive, molded plastic clog-like sandal that is also available in a variety of colors. Hmmm.

Even though the Porsche vs. Crocs dust up was discussed widely in November 2009, the seeming inanity still grinds on my nerves. So I can't resist another airing.

If you missed the coverage, here is the kerfuffle catalyst from the Crocs, Inc. Form 10-Q:

"On May 11, 2009, Crocs Europe B.V. received a letter from Dr. Ing. H.c.F. Porsche AG ("Porsche") claiming that the Company's use of the "Cayman" shoe model designator infringes upon their Community Trademark Registration of the mark "CAYMAN" in class 25. Porsche is requesting that Crocs Europe B.V. immediately cease and desist use of the Cayman mark and pay Porsche's attorney's fees in conjunction with the issuance of the notice letter. On July 30, 2009 the Company was served with notice of an injunction against Crocs Europe BV's use of the Cayman mark in Germany. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself against these claims."

Granted, Porsche has a registered trademark for "Cayman" in several international classes including 025, which does encompass footwear, and sells a line of Porsche Design shoes, although, apparently, not under the Cayman label.

I might understand Porsche being embarrassed by the possible association with the popular foam resin clogs spotted on the feet of celeb-kinder in Hollywood, South Beach, and other trendy locales. But infringement? Seriously? Shouldn't Porsche be more embarrassed for making this an issue? Likelihood of confusion is doubtful, unless Porsche dramatically changes its fashion strategy.

Realistically, few people will confuse Crocs Cayman clogs for a Porsche Cayman sports car or one of their designer driving shoes. Fewer still will think they originate from Porsche. Should they, a quick check of the Crocs logo on the shoe itself would correct any incertitude.

Several thoughts arise: Since the Crocs Cayman line was available commercially as early as 2004, five years before the registration issue date of April 2009 for Porsche, does Crocs have prior rights? Should International Truck Intellectual Property Company, owner of the Cayman trademark in International Class 012, which includes sports cars, seek redress from Porsche for infringement? Should Lacoste file an amicus brief since they have an oblique interest? After all, a Cayman is a type of alligator, and should Porsche prevail -- I don't see how, but lets pretend – based on their interpretation of infringement and confusion, the Lacoste logo, shown below, would be a likely next target.

Stay with me on this. It is probable that people driving Porsche Caymans could also be wearing Lacoste clothing, so confusion of origin is surely immanent. Hey, is that a Cayman polo shirt you're wearing?

On the subject of confusion, perhaps the Cayman Islands should pursue Porsche and Crocs for infringement. It is likely to find both products on the Islands, even at the same time and place, and wouldn't the Cayman Islands have prior rights, if we follow the labyrinthic logic in this argument? Toss in people wearing Lacoste fashions, and since most can't tell a Cayman from a run of the pond alligator, it could start a whole reptilian-brand confusion-fest and who knows where that would lead!

This could become a Trademark Infringement Smackdown with, say, Crocodile Dundee headlining. Although, come to think of it, this has certain "The Real Housewives of Intellectual Property" (surely an oxymoron) qualities to it and could spawn a new reality series on Bravo. The notion is no more ridiculous than the Porsche accusation -- and indubitably more entertaining. 

OK, my tongue is tired of being in my cheek.

The old maxim "just because you can, doesn't mean you should" seems apropos. The ill will engendered by overly aggressive enforcement, where likelihood of harm is not apparent, is damaging to a brand, even one as famous and resilient as Porsche. It will likely appear to consumers as needless bullying. That perception can cost far more to rectify than any possible impact of the perceived infringement.

Who's the likely winner in this spat? Certainly not Porsche. Crocs stands to gain from the publicity generated by this action. It is not exactly the way a company wants to gain visibility, but as a creative guy managing brands, I'd take what I get and spin it into branding silk – at the expense of Porsche, of course.

Randall Hull, The Br@nd Ranch®

Rolling Out the Red Carpet -- More On Branding Athletic Turf & Trademarks

In December, you may recall, I blogged about Boise State's federal registration of the color blue as applied to athletic field turf, known to many as Smurf Turf. At the time, I wondered out loud whether Boise State's success in the U.S. Trademark Office might lead others to follow along this trademark path?

Hat tip again to Brad Frazer, for letting us know that last week, apparently inspired by Boise State's success and notoriety, Eastern Washington University, located in Cheny, Washington, announced its "Red Turf" project for its Woodward Field, shown below:

The plan, supported by a generous $500,000 gift from Eagle alum Michael Roos of the Tennessee Titans and his wife Katherine, has targeted completion in time for the opening of the 2010 football season, if all goes well with additional fund-raising efforts. The red artificial turf promises to be the first of its kind, not just in NCAA Division I football, but in the entire country, so the path appears clear for claiming, or I should say, at least working toward claiming, exclusive rights in the red-colored athletic turf.

Given how some have predicted this plan promises to cause a run on multi-colored turf by publicity-starved schools, I'm left wondering whether Eastern Washington will seek ownership and file an application to federally-register red in the same way that Boise State did with blue. Of course, one of the differences between the two is about twenty some years of use and notoriety.

A long period of substantially exclusive use goes a long way to establishing acquired distinctiveness when dealing with non-traditional trademarks such as single-color marks. Along those lines, it is worth noting the U.S. Supreme Court has indicated in Wal-Mart v. Samara that single colors can never be considered inherently distinctive, so Eastern Washington would have to establish secondary meaning or acquired distinctiveness in the red turf, as Boise State did with blue, before any registration on the Principal Register could issue.

In addition, since the proposed single color red turf mark is not in use yet, Eastern Washington could file an intent-to-use application, and assuming it could acquire distinctiveness or establish secondary meaning in the red-colored turf during the pendency of the application, the filing date would relate back and serve as its nationwide constructive use date for national priority purposes. The problem with not filing such an application is, if another athletic program were to do so before Eastern Washington was able to complete the project and provide athletic events on the new turf, it may find itself in the undesirable position as the second-comer for priority purposes, even though it might have been the first to come up with the idea for a red turf athletic field.

Sounds to me like a job for a team of creative trademark, marketing and PR types, to accelerate the period of time needed to develop the necessary evidence of acquired distinctiveness.

Exploring Alternative Spellings

I recently came across a catalog for a company that sells "modular floorcovering" -- probably better known as "carpet squares."  (They actually sell more than squares, but I digress.)  The brand?  FLOR.  FLOR?  Cue kneejerk trademark attorney reaction:  "FLOR?  Are you kidding me?  I bet they had a heckuva time getting that registered!"  Well, they didn't, but it served as a good reminder to me to be wary of my "Dr. No" tendencies.

I am about to make a sweeping generalization here, but it seems to me that one of the real or perceived gulfs between marketing and legal types is the former's occasional attraction to words with novel spellings and the latter's repulsion to those same words, at least when applied to goods or services that the word might describe.  Conventional trademark wisdom is that a novel spelling of a word will not save it from being "merely descriptive" of the goods or services with which it is used if purchasers would perceive it as merely descriptive of the goods or services.  Why is this important?  Well, "merely descriptive" words are not immediately entitled to trademark protection.  The owner of such words has to use them as a trademark so that they acquire "distinctiveness" or "secondary meaning," and this process can take five or more years.  In contrast, suggestive words are entitled to immediate trademark protection--they are "inherently distinctive" as trademarks.  (See here for a cheat sheet and overview of these concepts.)

When Interface Global applied to register FLOR as a trademark for use in connection with "modular carpeting and rugs," it was required to show that FLOR had acquired distinctiveness.  In other words, it had to show that when consumers see "FLOR," they actually think of the company that sells modular floorcovering, not just another way to say "floor."  Same thing happened when the original owner of PUR tried to register it for "water filtration units."  Generally, if a company uses a word like this as a mark for five years, exclusively and continuously, that claim alone is generally sufficient to show acquired distinctiveness. 

In the final analysis, novel spellings can be catchy and marketable, but if they are also descriptive, it could take a while to build up strong trademark rights in them. 

For more information, see Steve's recent post on "moist" cake mixes, which gives a good overview of some suggestive trademarks and links to other posts that touch on the line between descriptiveness and suggestiveness. 

Shaq is Attacking to Protect His Likeness

You may have heard the phrase “Shaq Attaq” referring to the famous NBA player and gold medal winner Shaquille O’Neal’s basketball skills.  While he played basketball in Arizona for the Phoenix Suns, the Arizonians nicknamed him “The Big Cactus” and “The Big Shaqtus” in reference to the combination of Mr. O’Neal and an Arizona cactus.

You may recall that I wrote about former NFL players suing the NFL over their likenesses a couple of months ago “Purple People Eater Jim Marshall & Friends Take on the NFL.” ESPN used O’Neal’s likeness when it aired commercials featuring O’Neal encountering a cactus bearing his face in the desert. Before doing so, however, ESPN obtained Mr. O’Neal’s company, Mine O‘Mine, Inc.’s, permission to use the mark. Mine O’ Mine has the exclusive rights to use and sublicense Mr. O’Neal’s, image and likeness and to register, exploit and protect Shaq and Shaq-formative trademarks.  In connection therewith, the company has a pending application for the “Shaq Attaq” mark for apparel.  

Mr. O’Neal is moving from the basketball court to a different court. True Fan Logo, Inc.’s shaqtus.net website is an online retail store under the SHAQTUS ORANGE CLOTHING COMPANY mark. Playing off the ESPN commercial, the store features an animated character in the form of a cactus with O’Neal’s facial features and a basketball jersey with Mr. O’Neal’s number. This company tried to shut down the ESPN commercial claiming its ownership of the Shaqtus mark. ESPN ignored this request.  However, Mr. O’Neal is not ignoring the company. Indeed, Mr. O’Neal recently sued True Fan Logo, Inc., and individuals Dan Mortenson and Michael Calamese. According to the complaint they have registered and are using shaqtus.com and shaqtus.net.  

A PDF of this complaint is attached. Read more about the complaint here. The complaint  includes claims of trademark infringement, unfair competition, trademark dilution, cyber-squatting and others. Shaq often wins on the basketball court. Now, he is hoping for a win in a Las Vegas court of law.