Color Trademarks, Red Knobs, and Secondary Meaning

More on single color trademarks today. Eighteen months ago, Wolf Appliance obtained a federal trademark registration in connection with "a red knob or knobs" of "domestic gas and electric cooking appliances, namely, ranges, dual-fuel ranges, cooktops, and barbeque grills."

Wolf put its registration to the test a couple of weeks ago in a federal trademark infringement action, venued in the Western District of Wisconsin, in which it asked the court for immediate injunctive relief to stop arch-rival Viking Range from offering a Red Knob Kit as an accessory for its competing high-end residential cooking ranges (typically equipped with standard black knobs).

Here is a pdf of the decision, granting Wolf's request for a preliminary injunction. The Wisconsin State Journal reported on the decision. Last December, ApplianceAdvisor.com shared a rather cynical view of Wolf's single color claim of exclusivity when the lawsuit was first filed.

So, how did Wolf pull it off? Well, here's the short answer:

  1. Before bringing the lawsuit, Wolf obtained a federal trademark registration for the knobs, entitling it to a presumption of validity when the time came to enforce exclusive rights;
  2. To demonstrate secondary meaning in its red knobs, Wolf made good use of "look for advertising" on its website: "Choose black knobs, or let everyone know it's a Wolf with our distinctive red knobs;" in catalogs: "Knob appeal. This is, perhaps, the first thing one notices about a Wolf product. The red knobs serve as a reminder of its distinctive nature"; and in advertising: touting the red knobs as "distinctive" and an "exclusive Wolf feature";
  3. Viking apparently stopped selling a range with red knobs back in 1993, and since 2000, Wolf had made "substantially exclusive" use of red knobs on domestic cooking ranges; and
  4. Greatly assisting its secondary meaning claim to the red knobs, Wolf enjoyed the benefit of significant media attention and stories, specifically mentioning Wolf's "distinctive," "iconic," "classic," "recognizable," "status symbol," "trademark," and "signature" red knobs.

Trademark types, doesn't the court's recognition and reliance on this very helpful media attention evidence make you want to collaborate with your favorite PR type the next time your client is pursuing a single color trademark or some other form of non-traditional trademark rights?

With respect to the question of likelihood of confusion, the Court was moved that there could be initial interest confusion through this hypothetical scenario:

"Suppose a potential range customer is at a dinner party and the hostess tells the potential customer how much the hostess enjoys her range. The range happens to be a Wolf range with red knobs. Several weeks or months later, when the potential customer enters a retail store to browse ranges, he or she sees a stainless steel Viking range displayed with red knobs that looks similar to the red-knob range he or she has seen in the past. There are no other ranges displayed with red knobs. The customer does not remember the brand of the hostess' range, but the customer knows that Viking is a well-known manufacturer in the high-end range market. The red knobs look familiar, so the customer thinks this is the range to which the hostess spoke so highly. . . . Such a situation could qualify as 'initial interest' confusion, because defendant would be reaping the benefit of the goodwill that the plaintiff has developed in its mark."

Are you concerned? Do you find this hypothetical scenario plausible?

What remains to be seen is whether the case continues to conclusion for the entry of a permanent injunction after a full trial. While it is true that the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction often results in an amicable settlement of the lawsuit, this case may not end that way.

Even though Viking lost the first round in this bout, it has brought a counterclaim to cancel the red knob trademark registration issued by the U.S. Trademark Office in 2008. Moreover, if Viking determines that it has a commercial and competitive need to offer the Red Knob Kit, it would be rather easy to resume distribution of the kits at a later time, provided it is able to either invalidate the registration or win on the ultimate issue of whether there is a likelihood of confusion in the marketplace for residential cooking ranges. 

To the extent Viking Range decides to continue its defense and counterclaim to invalidate Wolf's red knob registration, I predict that discovery will vigorously probe functionality as a possible basis for invalidation. A win on functionality would be complete, it would knock out the registration, and make it unnecessary to even consider the likelihood of confusion question of infringement.

In case you're wondering about scope, it would appear that both commercial ovens and toy ovens having red knobs are outside the scope of Wolf's registered trademark.

Stay tuned for more on this interesting case.

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Branding Exclamations!

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Can you name the owner of this exclamation mark branding signal?

You may be surprised to learn it is federally-registered in the U.S. as a stand-alone non-verbal trademark.

You may be even more surprised to learn, it was federally-registered without a showing of secondary meaning or acquired distinctiveness, because it was viewed as an inherently distinctive non-verbal trademark.

This is no ordinary exclamation mark, however, the trademark owner claims it in a 3D appearance, does that help?

Here's another clue: In Latin American countries, the brand name associated with this particular punctuation mark is Pepitos!

Last clue: Would it help to know the goods associated with this registered trademark are chocolate chip cookies?

Answer below the jump.

Here is the answer, and here is the link to the trademark information.

By the way, have you ever noticed this trademark on Kraft's or Nabisco's Chips Ahoy packaging, at least before now?

Me neither, despite being a trademark geek, and despite encountering (and assisting in the consumption of) more than a few packages over many years.

How many ways are there to dress up an exclamation mark (without words) as a trademark anyway?

Apparently quite a few: (1) A combined question mark and exclamation point, (2) another combined exclamation point and question mark, (3) a combined exclamation point and human eye, (4) a combined exclamation point and dollar sign, (5) exclamation point resembling a footprint, (6) a circle with an exclamation point, (7) another exclamation point within a circle, (8) yet another stylized exclamation point in a circle, (9) circle design with exclamation point inside, (10) exclamation point inside triangle inside circle, (11) stylized exclamation point inside rectangle, (12) blue circle with off-centered cut out of exclamation point, (13) red-colored exclamation point, (14) exclamation point within a green octagon, (15) a fanciful exclamation point, (16) exclamation point within a shield, (17) the point on an exclamation is a crescent, (18) a stylized exclamation point, (19) exclamation point within a light bulb, (20) the point on an exclamation is a star, (21)exclamation point within quotation marks, (22) an unremarkable exclamation point, (23) exclamation point in middle of flower, (24) exclamation point on center of bottle cap design, (25) oval and an exclamation point, (26) another stylized exclamation point, and (27) another, and (28) another.

And, the award for the most disguised exclamation goes to . . . "an exclamation mark within a wolf head design interwoven with a serpant design."

At this point, I'm thinking that the Chips Ahoy exclamation is starting to look a little ordinary.

Now, if adding an exclamation mark (what the USPTO calls "common punctuation") to the end of a series of descriptive words (e.g., America's Favorite Popcorn!) is not adding enough to avoid mere descriptiveness (TMEP 1209.03(u)), how is it that an exclamation mark can immediately function as an inherently disctinctive trademark all by itself?

With respect to International protection for exclamation marks, recently, German clothing and fragrance designer Joop! apparently lost its bid to register an exclamation mark as a trademark in the European Union, report here. Basically, the EU was not going to assume distinctiveness, Joop! had to prove it, and apparently failed.

What do you suppose the USPTO knows about registering common punctuation marks as inherently distinctive trademarks that the EU doesn't?

An Increasingly Intense Ellipsis? dot, doT, dOT, DOT!

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As you may recall, last month, we had some fun trying to solve the mystery of a non-traditional and non-verbal trademark owned by Amazon.com, here.

This time the non-traditional and non-verbal mystery mark shown above is described in trademark filings as consisting of "four circles that increase in size from left to right." I call it an "increasingly intense ellipsis." What would you call it, if you had to give it a name?

More importantly, have you seen it before? Do you recognize it? Are you surprised to know it is registered and protected as a trademark? Do you know what goods and services are associated with it? Do you know who owns it?

OK, need more information?

You don't need the products bearing this "increasingly intense ellipsis" mark or the services associated with it to shop online at Amazon.com or any other online retailer. Did that help?

No? Here's another hint: It is used in close association with this service mark: Tap & Go.

Still not enough? Alright, enough suspense?

The visual answer and more discussion is below the jump.

 Boots to trial contactless payment 0

Yes, MasterCard is the owner of this "increasingly intense ellipsis" (my words) mark, for financial services in Int'l Class 36, and smart cards in Int'l Class 9. The non-traditional mark is used in close association with MasterCard's PayPass and Tap & Go marks at the physical -- not virtual -- point of retail sale.

Now, given that a trademark and service mark must (1) identify goods or services, (2) distinguish them from those of others, and (3) indicate the source of the goods or services, do you agree that the "increasingly intense ellipsis" performs each of these critical trademark functions?

If so, does it do so standing alone, without the closely associated MasterCard housemark or PayPass secondary mark?

Isn't this the kind of mark where "look-for advertising" would help consumers know this actually is a trademark instead of simply non-distinctive ornamentation?

Pros and Cons of Stand-Alone Non-Verbal Logos and Other Trademark Styles: A Legal Perspective

As promised earlier this week, in my post entitled "Without Words, But Not Speechless: More On Non-Verbal Logos That Can Stand Alone," here is my effort to identify, from a legal perspective, some of the pros and cons of non-verbal logos and other trademark styles. 

But, before addressing the legal implications, it is worth noting that a number of our insightful readers and commenters already have helped articulate a variety of pros and cons from a business and marketing perspective, here. By my count, there appears to be consensus on at least two important points: (1) Having an iconic stand-alone non-verbal logo or wordless trademark symbol is highly desirable, especially for truly international brands; but (2) be prepared to spend a lot of time, effort, and significant resources to achieve one.

In addition, at least one designer has written that having a logo without words "can be a big branding pain," for a variety of reasons. She identifies three basic logo styles: (1) Text logos; (2) symbol logos; and (3) combination logos. Examples of text logos would be the Coca-Cola script, the Yahoo! stylized word, and the Google stylized word, all three illustrated in my earlier post. The highly stylized Ebay logo is another good example of a text logo. On the other hand, the Shell logo, McDonald's Golden Arches, and the Nike Swoosh, are all good examples of symbol logos. In addition, here is a message board collecting a number of other possible candidates for symbol logos that are capable of standing lone -- without words -- yet, they still have a lot to say to consumers. Many of them, in fact, were mentioned by commenters to my prior post.  

Anyway, the designer referenced above contends that for a variety of reasons, combination logos often make the most sense. According to her, a combination logo "combines both a symbol and the company name. The symbol and text can be integrated together, side by side, or with one located above the other."

Generally, from a trademark owner and legal perspective, I prefer the combination logo too, but not the "integrated" type, instead the "side by side" type or the "one above the other" type. The Mercedes-Benz combination logo shown below nicely illustrates the "one above the other" type of combination logo:

Why do I generally prefer this type of trademark logo format and style?

Well, in general, this format and style is more flexible, easier to clear for adoption and use, easier to register and protect each element separately, and easier to enforce rights in both verbal and non-verbal elements.

With respect to enhanced flexibility, a trademark owner can elect to always use the verbal and non-verbal elements together, perhaps as a way of reducing the risk of infringing on another's prior rights in a mark perhaps similar to either the verbal or non-verbal element, or as Jack Cuffari commented, the combination logo is the "best-case scenario" because it is possible to "wean the symbol away from the name once research has proven that the target audience gets the connection, so that the symbol can be used alone, or in conjunction with the brand name."

Indeed, few symbol logos spring into existence without a history of having been used side by side with the underlying brand name, so, the symbol adopted by the "Artist Formerly Known as Prince" is probably the best exception to this general rule:

prince_symbol2  

With respect to ease of clearance, it is generally less of a challenge to clear physically separable combination logos over text logos or integrated combination logos, since the Mercedes-Benz verbal portion involves a straightforward word search, and the corresponding three-point star within a circle symbol involves a straightforward design search. In fact, it is often more difficult to obtain a comprehensive and reliable trademark search report for a proposed text logo or an integrated combination logo as compared to a symbol logo or a physically separable combination logo. Because of design coding challenges, it is easier for a trademark searcher to locate prior marks of potential concern when one's proposed logo comprises a stylized star or shell design than a text logo that may be unknowingly or unintentionally similar, not to the word, but to the color combination and lettering style employed by, say, Coca-Cola, Yahoo!, Google, or Ebay:See full size image 

 

 

For more information on the importance of trademark clearance, see my previous post entitled "Look Before You Leap! The Dangers of Not Clearing Brands Before First Use."

With respect to ease of registration, if the brand name is physically integrated and part of or even touching the non-verbal design elements, in many cases, the non-verbal design elements cannot be separately registered as a trademark. To register the non-verbal design elements of an integrated combination logo, it must be shown that those non-verbal elements actually perform a trademark function to indicate source separate and apart from the verbal element. This can be difficult to establish if the verbal element is always present within the design. On the other hand, the Trademark Office views a non-integrated combination logo as comprising at least three different marks, each of which may be registered alone: (1) The word or words; (2) the non-verbal symbol; and (3) the combination of verbal and non-verbal elements. By being able to register each element separately at the outset, even during a time when they are always used together, it facilitates the trademark owner's ability to eventually "wean the symbol away from the name" with added confidence. 

For more information on the importance and benefits of federal registration, see my previous post entitled "The Power of Federal Trademark Registration Remains Strong in Tough Economic Times."

With respect to ease of enforcement, assuming each element of a physically separable combination logo has been registered, enforcement is enhanced too, for the reasons already stated above. Having each element registered separately, eventhough they may only be used together, permits the Trademark Office to refuse registration of later marks that are confusingly similar to either the verbal or non-verbal element. In the event the Trademark Office doesn't see a conflict for some unexplained reason, the non-integrated combination logo format also enhances the trademark owner's ability to challenge registration of another's mark that may not be confusingly similar to the combined elements, but to one of them.

Without Words, But Not Speechless: More On Non-Verbal Logos That Can Stand Alone

My family vacation and road trip through the heartland this past week has yielded a few photos for discussion. For example, here is a captured pair of non-verbal logos that can stand alone, without the need for any words.

As you may recall, one of my previous blog posts (April 9, 2009) discussed non-verbal logos that can stand alone, and one that can't. There, I asked the question: "Don't brand owners need to 'name' their non-verbal logos, especially those that 'stand alone,' otherwise how can anyone spread the word, so to speak?" Like, Nike's "Swoosh," and McDonald's "Golden Arches." Well, a couple of weeks later, the LogoBlog asked a similar question, "Do Logos Need Words to Market Themselves?"

What do you think? How important are names and words when it comes to brands?

You might say the photographed logos shown above are without words, but the famous brands they represent certainly are not speechless. They stand for, represent and say a lot, in fact, without any text or words.

Having said that, logos with text and words can stand for, represent and say a lot too:

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So, it got me thinking, which format is better from a marketing perspective? Your thoughts? 

Just so you know, later this week, I'll take a crack at the pros and cons from a legal perspective.

"Chief Wahoo" Re-Branding Underway? A Painful Lesson on Saving Face

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A picture can say a thousand words; so does a face. The same is probably true of non-verbal logos, including the several federally-registered "Chief Wahoo" logos, shown above (all apparently still in use by the "Cleveland Indians" professional baseball team, according to their latest trademark filings).

So, what do they say to you?

My take? I can think of quite a few words to describe them, but none includes the word "honor," as is often the claim made by those in favor of keeping Native American mascots.

From my perspective, "Chief Wahoo" is the non-verbal equivalent of the Redskins racial slur that I blogged about last week.

Last month I blogged about Non-Verbal Logos That Can Stand Alone, and while "Wahoo" certainly can "stand alone" as a non-verbal logo, unlike the famous Nike Swoosh and McDonalds Golden Arches, "Wahoo" should simply "stand alone" in the corner of a dark closet with the door shut and locked.

More than a few have weighed in on the baseball team's controversial continued use of "Chief Wahoo": Here ("Mascot League Baseball"), here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

It apparently took a Yankees fan to point out the "irony" of the "Cleveland Indians" signing a sixteen-year deal in 2008 to play ball in "Progressive Field" -- the re-named "Jacobs Field" (in favor of the well-known and deep-pocketed Cleveland-based insurance company).

In addition, now that the team has relocated spring training to a new ball park in Goodyear, Arizona, it appears the team is de-emphasizing the Chief Wahoo logo, in favor of the innocuous "I" script and "C" block logos, although the team spokesman maintains that "Chief Wahoo" is not being "phased out." Could the diminished use of "Wahoo" have anything to do with the fact that Arizona has more Native American residents than every other state besides California and Oklahoma? Could it be the team is trying to save a little face with a gradual phase out, or re-brand, if you will?

Finally, the team's MLB website shows a fairly sparse use of "Chief Wahoo," so why hang on at all?

Bottom line: If the team wants to save just a little bit of face, it ought to stop showing Wahoo's face altogether, period.

Non-Verbal Logos That Can Stand Alone, And One That Can't

Even young children understand the power of brands and trademark symbols before they can read.

Years ago, when my children were at the ripe young age of wondering (and maybe caring) what my job was, I'd try to explain the kinds of things a trademark attorney might do. Of course, I didn't tell them some view trademark types as "the most basic figure." 

It took a while to find a message that stuck with them. What finally got through was when I posed a hypothetical question, asking whether they liked eating at the Golden Arches, and what they would think if they couldn't get a Happy Meal there because it wasn't McDonalds after all, but some other restaurant using the Golden Arches too. They were outraged this could ever happen.

So, the Golden Arches can probably stand alone.  

Here is another non-verbal logo that can truly stand alone:

Nike Swoosh logo

Yes, it functions as an exceedingly strong and probably famous brand and trademark with no further explanation or word mark to support it (and to not undermine my point, I’ll refrain from uttering the four letter brand name firmly linked to it in our minds).

What do you think about this one?

 

(As you may recall, Dan previously posted on a different topic related to this logo here).

I’d respectfully suggest that when the hang-tag attached to the luggage item bearing this logo is closely supported by a lot of words like SWISSGEAR, WENGER, and FROM THE MAKER OF THE GENUINE SWISS ARMY KNIFE, the logo is having a tough time standing alone and probably needs a trademark support group.

By the way, anyone notice the resemblance to the flag of Switzerland?

How about the International or American Red Cross?

Last thought, for now, concerning non-verbal logos, really:

Don't brand owners need to "name" their non-verbal logos, especially those that "stand alone," otherwise how can anyone spread the word, so to speak?

For example, Nike seems to have figured this out, owning federal trademark registrations for the word SWOOSH (in connection with footwear and clothing items), separate and apart from what is known as the "Swoosh" Logo. 

McDonalds similarly owns a federal registration for the words THE GOLDEN ARCHES for restaurant services.

I'm not sure there is a suitable, brief and unique name for the Wenger logo shown above, perhaps that is part of the reason for the "FROM THE MAKER OF THE GENUINE SWISS ARMY KNIFE" tag line?

Wenger describes their non-verbal logo in recent trademark filings this way: "The mark consists of a chrome colored cross on a red square with rounded edges, outlined by a chrome colored square with rounded edges."

I think this just proved my point.