More Godin on Trademark? The Sequel

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Last week we explored how at least some of Seth Godin's trademark advice is a bit dated.

This week, let's take a close and careful look at his advice concerning trademark registration:

Some lawyers will get all excited and encourage (demand!) that you register your trademark. This involves paying a bunch of money, filing a bunch of forms and earning an ® after your name instead of the ™. While the ® does give you some benefits by the time you get to court, it doesn't actually increase the value of your trademark. And you can wait. So, when you come up with a great name, just ™ it.

Actually, I've never met lawyers who "demand" that their clients register their trademarks. Strongly recommend, yes, and for good reason, yes, but demand, no. That is not a lawyer's role. Even inexperienced trademark lawyers know to explain the costs, benefits, and associated risks of pursuing or foregoing federal registration. Unfortunately, Mr. Godin appears to misapprehend all three.

We already have discussed the many and substantial benefits afforded to those who federally register their trademarks. These go well beyond what you have, "by the time you get to court." Indeed, in some instances, having the ® will avoid the need to go to court altogether, since the registration is actual proof of the claimed right and may be enough to move a squatter off your mark without even resorting to formal legal action. Good luck with that, if all you have done is "just ™ it." Moreover, in other instances, having the ®, can be the difference between continuing to use or expand the use of your trademark and not, so this is certainly more than "some" minimal benefit.

As to the risks, those who don't appreciate the value of a federal registration or the importance of filing prompt registration applications likely aren't aware of or don't understand this significant risk:

Now, some realize the importance of the protection, but in an effort to save or defer cost, they have considered holding off on filing a federal trademark application -- to see how the product does -- before making a final decision on the filing. If you or someone you know falls into this category, while I sympathize with your and their efforts to manage a tight budget, understand another risk that goes a step further than the risks already covered in the above-linked Create Magazine article.

To do so, after you have conducted the appropriate due diligence to clear use of the new name and mark, ask yourself how long it will take to get your product with the new name and brand in the stream of commerce and in the marketplace. Without the important benefit of constructive use relating back to the filing date of the federal trademark application, it is important to realize that your investment in preparing for the product launch may be lost altogether if another person or company files an intent-to-use trademark application, for a confusingly similar mark, even one day before you get to market with your newly named product. If this happens you and they may very well "see how the product does" with another name.

Now, as to the issue of cost, given the substantial benefits conferred and the substantial risks avoided, when those are recognized and understood, the financial cost of a federal trademark application seems well worth the $275 governmental filing fee toward the creation of an intellectual property asset of national scope.

Last, as to Mr. Godin's assertion that federal registration "doesn't actually increase the value of your trademark," he is simply wrong, so there you go. It stands to reason that national rights are worth more than local rights. Ask any party to a franchise agreement or even their informed bankers who loan money based on them.

Without a federal registration, rights are limited in geographic scope to those areas of operation where the use has been substantial enough to generate common law trademark rights. With a federal registration the trademark owner is deemed to have used his or her mark in every sliver, corner, and county of the U.S., as of the filing date, even though the trademark may never blanket the country with their goods or services. So, one need only consider the world of franchise relationships and trademark licenses to appreciate the enormous power and value a federal trademark registration brings to the table and to the bank.

Some other time, I'll explain some of the reasons for using the ™ symbol, but suffice it to say for now, doing so confers no legal rights. So, "when you come up with a great name" and you want to use it and have the best chance of expanding that use over time, as your business continues to grow, don't "just ™ it", instead, seek federal registration at the earliest possible opportunity.

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Happy Birthday Duey!

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DuetsBlog celebrated its first birthday today, so that means Duey the squirrel is one year old. He has made a lot of friends over the past year (as have we), and he has come a long way (as have we) despite his exhaustion hording nuts (we haven't done any of that) for the long cold winter we had (hopefully this remains past tense).  

This is some of what Duey has observed since our inaugural post entitled Dr. No and the Parade of Horribles:

  1. Some 350 posts (part of the reason for his exhaustion);
  2. Some 530 comments (part of the reason for your exhaustion);
  3. Some 840 followers on Twitter;
  4. Some 250,000 visits; and
  5. Us, having a lot of fun . . . .

Here is a snapshot of where we were back in July 2009, and here is one from December 2009.

Thanks to our wonderful and growing group of talented Guest Bloggers, and thanks to you for your comments and interest in the conversation we have started here on DuetsBlog.

May all collaborations between trademark types and marketing types be early, often, personable, smart, enjoyable, graceful, and mutually beneficial.

Seth Godin on Trademark?

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Seth Godin has an amazing knack for creating and spreading ideas that matter, mostly really good ones, by the way. I always look forward to his daily riffs and I have been known to spread some of his important ideas too when they overlap with things I happen to care a lot about.

When it comes to Mr. Godin's trademark advice, however, I'm not feeling it, sorry (that wasn't an apology either). Some of it is, well, lacking an indispensable quality. Even when it is accompanied by this witty disclaimer: "I'm not a lawyer. I don't even play one on TV. If you rely on my legal advice, you're getting exactly what you paid for."

The problem is, sometimes you end up getting much less than you anticipated and actually end up much worse off, when you follow down even a "free" path based on misunderstandings and misconceptions, at least as they relate to one's legal rights.

I'll never forget one evening watching Geraldo Live during the O.J. trial, more than fifteen years ago, as a young trademark lawyer. There was quite a stir about some trademark applications Mr. Simpson had filed for O.J. Simpson, Juice, and O.J., around the time of O.J. Simpson being charged with the murder of Nicole Simpson. I recall one of Simpson's defense lawyers, the brilliant constitutional lawyer Alan Dershowitz, rebuffing criticism about the trademark filings, unwittingly contending that Simpson never intended to use or benefit from those applications, he simply filed them to make sure no one else could. My jaw dropped when I heard this, because it provided a legal basis to immediately invalidate each one of the applications. In addition, had anyone followed this defensive "legal advice," their trademark filings would have been wasted money and considered invalid and void ab initio, since U.S. trademark law requires that an applicant must have a bona fide intention to use the mark on each and every good and service listed in the application.

Back to Godin on Trademark*, and even more recently, a couple of months ago Seth Godin wrote about how to protect your ideas in the digital age:

One way is to misuse trademark law. With the help of search engines, greedy lawyers who charge by the letter are busy sending claim letters to anyone who even comes close to using a word or phrase they believe their client 'owns'. News flash: trademark law is designed to make it clear who makes a good or a service. It's a mark we put on something we create to indicate the source of the thing, not the inventor of a word or even a symbol.

While there are certainly some greedy trademark lawyers in the world, and some that overreach on behalf of their client brand owners, even honorable and ethical trademark attorneys worth their hourly rate know that federal protection against dilution for truly famous marks was added to U.S. trademark law about fifteen years ago. At least for marks satisfying the difficult fame standard, these kinds of trademarks come darn close to owning the brand name in gross, that is, in connection with any goods or services.

For the garden variety and non-famous trademark, the scope of rights is defined by whether or not there is a Likelihood of Confusion.

With respect to what trademark law was designed for, and while I don't consider this to be a news flash any longer, well prior to dilution protection being added, U.S. trademark law was amended to make clear that much more than confusion as to source is covered. All the way back in 1962 the Lanham Trademark Act was amended by striking language requiring confusion, mistake or deception of "purchasers as to the source of origin of such goods and services." Moreover, a much broader scope of confusion protection was codified in 1989 in Lanham Act Section 43(a), which protects against trademark likelihood of confusion not only as to source, but as to affiliation, connection, sponsorship, association, and/or approval. This additional scope of trademark protection makes perfect sense given the current commercial realities of trademark licensing, franchises, co-branding, affiliate marketing, and OEM relationships.

I'm not saying Seth Godin's opinions about trademarks are Out of Bounds, I'm simply saying some of them are out of date.

With a little luck, and assuming I can get in enough time in front of my Stuart Smalley mirror between now and next week, I'll explore another misconception or misgiving it appears Mr. Godin has about the registration of trademarks:

Some lawyers will get all excited and encourage (demand!) that you register your trademark. This involves paying a bunch of money, filing a bunch of forms and earning an ® after your name instead of the ™. While the ® does give you some benefits by the time you get to court, it doesn't actually increase the value of your trademark. And you can wait. So, when you come up with a great name, just ™ it.

So, stay tuned.

Color Trademarks, Red Knobs, and Secondary Meaning

More on single color trademarks today. Eighteen months ago, Wolf Appliance obtained a federal trademark registration in connection with "a red knob or knobs" of "domestic gas and electric cooking appliances, namely, ranges, dual-fuel ranges, cooktops, and barbeque grills."

Wolf put its registration to the test a couple of weeks ago in a federal trademark infringement action, venued in the Western District of Wisconsin, in which it asked the court for immediate injunctive relief to stop arch-rival Viking Range from offering a Red Knob Kit as an accessory for its competing high-end residential cooking ranges (typically equipped with standard black knobs).

Here is a pdf of the decision, granting Wolf's request for a preliminary injunction. The Wisconsin State Journal reported on the decision. Last December, ApplianceAdvisor.com shared a rather cynical view of Wolf's single color claim of exclusivity when the lawsuit was first filed.

So, how did Wolf pull it off? Well, here's the short answer:

  1. Before bringing the lawsuit, Wolf obtained a federal trademark registration for the knobs, entitling it to a presumption of validity when the time came to enforce exclusive rights;
  2. To demonstrate secondary meaning in its red knobs, Wolf made good use of "look for advertising" on its website: "Choose black knobs, or let everyone know it's a Wolf with our distinctive red knobs;" in catalogs: "Knob appeal. This is, perhaps, the first thing one notices about a Wolf product. The red knobs serve as a reminder of its distinctive nature"; and in advertising: touting the red knobs as "distinctive" and an "exclusive Wolf feature";
  3. Viking apparently stopped selling a range with red knobs back in 1993, and since 2000, Wolf had made "substantially exclusive" use of red knobs on domestic cooking ranges; and
  4. Greatly assisting its secondary meaning claim to the red knobs, Wolf enjoyed the benefit of significant media attention and stories, specifically mentioning Wolf's "distinctive," "iconic," "classic," "recognizable," "status symbol," "trademark," and "signature" red knobs.

Trademark types, doesn't the court's recognition and reliance on this very helpful media attention evidence make you want to collaborate with your favorite PR type the next time your client is pursuing a single color trademark or some other form of non-traditional trademark rights?

With respect to the question of likelihood of confusion, the Court was moved that there could be initial interest confusion through this hypothetical scenario:

"Suppose a potential range customer is at a dinner party and the hostess tells the potential customer how much the hostess enjoys her range. The range happens to be a Wolf range with red knobs. Several weeks or months later, when the potential customer enters a retail store to browse ranges, he or she sees a stainless steel Viking range displayed with red knobs that looks similar to the red-knob range he or she has seen in the past. There are no other ranges displayed with red knobs. The customer does not remember the brand of the hostess' range, but the customer knows that Viking is a well-known manufacturer in the high-end range market. The red knobs look familiar, so the customer thinks this is the range to which the hostess spoke so highly. . . . Such a situation could qualify as 'initial interest' confusion, because defendant would be reaping the benefit of the goodwill that the plaintiff has developed in its mark."

Are you concerned? Do you find this hypothetical scenario plausible?

What remains to be seen is whether the case continues to conclusion for the entry of a permanent injunction after a full trial. While it is true that the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction often results in an amicable settlement of the lawsuit, this case may not end that way.

Even though Viking lost the first round in this bout, it has brought a counterclaim to cancel the red knob trademark registration issued by the U.S. Trademark Office in 2008. Moreover, if Viking determines that it has a commercial and competitive need to offer the Red Knob Kit, it would be rather easy to resume distribution of the kits at a later time, provided it is able to either invalidate the registration or win on the ultimate issue of whether there is a likelihood of confusion in the marketplace for residential cooking ranges. 

To the extent Viking Range decides to continue its defense and counterclaim to invalidate Wolf's red knob registration, I predict that discovery will vigorously probe functionality as a possible basis for invalidation. A win on functionality would be complete, it would knock out the registration, and make it unnecessary to even consider the likelihood of confusion question of infringement.

In case you're wondering about scope, it would appear that both commercial ovens and toy ovens having red knobs are outside the scope of Wolf's registered trademark.

Stay tuned for more on this interesting case.

What a Crock, Pot That Is . . .

We're not talking the foamed footwear Crocs® that Randall Hull wrote about in his What a Croc! post from a couple of weeks ago. Instead, we're talking slow cookers -- on this snow-capped Valentine's Day in the Twin Cities.

Every once in a while a stroll down the grocery store aisle leaves me surprised when I spot a federal registration symbol next to a word that I thought was a generic term for the goods or services in question. Today was such a day, when I noticed Sunbeam's Crock-Pot® The Original Slow Cooker appliance on the store shelf. Apparently I'm not alone in my surprise at the trademark status, given Wikipedia's acknowledgment that Crock-Pot is a trademark "often used generically in the USA" -- and Slo-Cooker is a trademark "often used generically in the UK."

It appears the Crock-Pot® trademark was originally registered back in 1972, and a couple of years ago federally-registered protection for the trademark was extended into a number of different classes of goods at the U.S. Trademark Office for a variety of different products, including food, and some cooking accessories. Last June, this logo was federally registered by Sunbeam, but it specifically disclaimed any exclusive rights in the descriptive phrase "The Original Slow Cooker":

I'm left wondering whether this is like the Rollerblade example, where it took the owner of the Rollerblade brand an entire decade to battle genericide by developing a commercially acceptable generic term (in-line skates) to couple with the brand.

Here are a few questions for marketing types to ponder and discuss: If you're Sunbeam, owner of the federally-registered Crock-Pot® trademark, do you care if retailers and your direct competitors call their competing products a Crock-Pot too? What about Search Engines selling Crock-Pot as a keyword, do you care about that? If so, how much do you care? Is it important enough to spend dollars on stopping these kinds of actions?

Just so no one is left out, here, for you trademark types out there, what steps would you take to avoid having the Crock-Pot® trademark invalidated on genericness grounds?

Same drill for the Bundt® trademark that Dan wrote about prior to the holidays.

Taking the Cake With Suggestive Trademarks?

John Reinan provided yesterday a marketer's perspective that questioned the value of coined trademarks. In my experience, as a trademark type, one place on the spectrum of distinctiveness where both trademark and marketing types can have their cake and eat it too, is the delicious category of suggestive trademarks.

From the legal side of the coin, suggestive marks are immediately protectable and generally enjoy the additional benefit of their inherent strength. On the marketing side of the coin, suggestive marks communicate something about the goods (but not as directly or immediately as descriptive marks do), so the marketer need not start from scratch in educating the consumer, as one must do with coined marks.

For some additional posts discussing the spectrum of distinctiveness, the important line between descriptive and suggestive trademarks, and related issues, see here, here, here, and here.

What is often forgotten about the fine line in differentiating between descriptive and suggestive marks is the subjectivity of making the determination. In practice, this can be a rather fuzzy sort of bright line. What is also frequently forgotten is how narrow the rights can be with some suggestive marks -- those said to be highly suggestive or very close to the merely descriptive border.

A stroll down the baking aisle in your local grocery store provides a nice place to illustrate both points. For example, when shopping for cake mix it is hard to miss the apparent importance of "moist" plus a superlative as key selling points -- "moist" being a merely descriptive term that immediately and directly describes a desirable characteristic of a finished cake. Indeed, Betty Crocker has Super Moist, Pillsbury has Moist Supreme, and Duncan Hines has Moist Deluxe:

    

These three different brands compete with one another on the very same store shelves and the fact that they peacefully coexist and compete directly without any apparent consumer confusion (despite their similar names) helps illustrate the point of how narrow in scope some suggestive trademark rights can be.

On the point about subjectivity, as the links above demonstrate, you might be surprised to learn that the Super Moist mark was permitted registration by the U.S. Trademark Office as a suggestive and inherently distinctive trademark. Whereas, the Moist Supreme and Moist Deluxe marks were considered merely descriptive, and the U.S. Trademark Office required evidence of acquired distinctiveness (a/k/a secondary meaning) before registration was permitted on the Principal Register.

So, where descriptiveness ends and suggestiveness begins can often depend on who is asked to apply the legal test. Perhaps that is why the U.S. Trademark Office is supposed to approve marks as suggestive, when in doubt. Can someone explain the doubt in favor of Super Moist, and the lack of doubt with Moist Supreme and Moist Deluxe? Because I'm not feeling the need to exercise much imagination, thought or perception to appreciate that each brand communicates a really, really moist cake.

Assembly-Line Sports Marketing

In just 96 hours, John Sullivan could be hawking your products. That’s right, John Sullivan. Signed. Sealed. Delivered. No muss, no legal fuss. 

Wait a minute. Who’s John Sullivan? Well, for those living under a rock, he’s the first-year starter at center for the Minnesota Vikings, and a California company named Brand Affinity Technologies has figured out how to make him, and a handful of other mostly B-list NFL players, the newest wave in sports marketing.

Impossible! Can’t be done! John Sullivan hawking my products in just 96 hours? Yup, 96 hours. According to a recent article in the New York Times, Brand Affinity has streamlined the process of celebrity endorsements to something Henry Ford would be proud of. Contracts are standard. And so are the ad treatments, which are shot generically before you attach your brand to complete the campaign. Says a Brand Affinity spokesperson quoted in the article: “A company can contact a player, come to an agreement and the next day the ads could be up.” And it can all be done online.

Well, what fun is that?

Those of us who have toiled in the trenches of marketing recognize that the process of hammering out endorsement contracts and creating first-rate marketing with that newly minted spokesperson usually takes, shall we say, a bit more than four days. 

A well-thought-out contract should explore what’s possible, rather than close the door on the big idea. I’ll let you J.D.s list out all the other reasons why this cookie-cutter approach is flawed from a legal standpoint. From a marketer’s perspective, I view this as the equivalent of propping a brand next to a celebrity cardboard cutout. Sure, it’s good for a chuckle, but does anyone really believe you’re hanging out with that bikini-clad supermodel?

Effective marketing takes integration, collaboration and creativity. And those take time. With all due respect to John Sullivan, that can’t be accomplished by speed-dating your way through a bunch of B-list NFL players.

-Jorg Pierach, Fast Horse

Fair Use of 3M's Post-It Note?

This billboard ad has appeared in various locations around the Twin Cities for some time now. 

Each time I saw it, I wondered whether it would be the last, given how vigilant 3M is in protecting its various trademarks and other intellectual property. This time, I had a camera handy to capture it.

Now it's time for some questions.

Is there any question that this Accountemps billboard advertisement prominently features a Post-It brand note?

After all, 3M owns a non-traditional single-color trademark and federal trademark registration for the color canary yellow "used over the entire surface" of "stationery notes containing adhesive on one side for attachment to surfaces." In case you're wondering, at least one dictionary defines "canary yellow" as "a light yellow." Other 3M trademark registrations related to the Post-It brand refer more broadly to "yellow," and are not limited to "canary yellow," here, here, here.

This billboard ad appears to be yet another example of a well-known, if not famous, non-traditional trademark being used in another's advertising, not for comparison purposes, but as a prop to help sell goods or services totally unrelated to those of the non-traditional trademark owner. Is the use necessary? Is it appropriate? Should it be considered a fair use, if made without permission? Why didn't Accountemps make the stationery note prop appear in a color that is not trademarked?

Is the use likely to cause confusion, keeping in mind that actionable confusion is not limited solely to confusion about origin or source, but also protects consumers against likely confusion about affiliation, connection, association, sponsorship, or approval?

Is the look of 3M's Post-It note a famous trademark? If so, it is entitled to dilution protection too. Section 43(c) of the Lanham Act protects against "dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment of the famous mark, regardless of the presence or absence of actual or likely confusion, of competition, or of actual economic injury." If everyone started to depict a Post-It note in their ads would that tend to blur the distinctiveness of 3M's trademark or strenghten the brand? I'm thinking that trademark types and marketing types might have different takes on this question.

As you may recall, we previously have discussed the implications of using another's non-traditional trademark in advertising: Levi's Double Arcuate Design trademark and the shape of a Corvette from the 1960s.

So what do you think, does Accountemps need 3M's permission for this billboard advertisement?

One Risqué of a Bawls-to-the-Wall Marketing Style?

Have you ever experienced or observed marketing styles that might be fairly described as high-octane, fast-paced, or perhaps, so hopped-up on Red Bull® or some other energy drink, there is simply no time for meaningful collaboration, much less careful, proactive, strategic thinking or planning? Perhaps a fun, exhilarating experience, but what are the consequences?

If you have, as you might know first hand (or at least imagine), this style can seriously compromise valuable intellectual property rights and protection. You know when the trademark attorney gets the call if this style controls, right? Immediately upon encountering a serious and unfair competitive threat. But in many instances, this will be long after a coherent strategy might have been created, well after packaging is designed and introduced, well after marketing materials are finalized and distributed, long after websites have been launched, and well after all the unknowing, but self-inflicted damage is done. In some cases the resulting damage is manageable and can be repaired, other times it is not, and legal claims that might have been strong and viable suddenly have turned dead-on-arrival.

By way of example, perhaps you will recall my prior post about the Furminator and the lost intellectual property opportunities there?

In all fairness, the above-described marketing style may or may not portray the Bawls® Guarana energy drink brand, I can't know for sure, but seeing some of the brand's marketing statements -- after being drawn in by the brand -- has raised enough questions and goose bumps for me to at least wonder out loud.

Let's face it, the packaging is visually striking and begs to be handled like no other. Judging from reactions I have seen others have to the bottle, there is something about it that makes people want to touch it, feel it, or hold it, even if they don't end up consuming the contents.

What an amazing opportunity to engage multiple human senses and cement the bond of loyalty between consumer and brand. Indeed, the bottle design almost seems inspired by the teaching of famed Martin Lindstrom in his pioneer work on "sensory branding," entitled BRAND sense, but it appears to predate Lindstrom's 2005 masterpiece by almost a decade.

Although Bawls® brand owner Hobarama, LLC, has obtained a federal trademark registration for a number of visual elements combined together to form a specific trade dress concerning the bottle configuration, owning a purely tactile or touch trademark in the arrangement of the "bumps" element itself appears impossible now (and may even raise questions about the validity of the "bumps" aspect of the trade dress), given admissions already made in marketing materials: "The 'bumps' on the bottle are there to provide a grip so that it does not slip out of your hand when it is wet. And we think it looks cool." Cool looks are fine to tout, but not "non-slip" features, if trademark protection is desired.

Moreover, the statement "Our famous glass bottles are bumped to give BAWLS drinkers a non-slip-grip" seems commercially unnecessary, if not a subtle diversion for another possible explanation of the "bumps" given the risque' and double-entendre-laden brand name, but either way, the "non-slip" reference condemns any hope of a pure touch trademark based on the admitted functionality.

Why commercially unnecessary? Really, can you name another energy beverage brand that needs non-slip-grips in order to compete with Red Bull®?

I can't.

Kleenex® Not Wanting to Blow It: Some Steps to Avoid Trademark Genericide

This sponsored banner ad is currently appearing in AdAge's Daily News on-line newsletter:

How many boxes of tissue do you suppose this ad is responsible for selling?

If the answer is none, that is probably fine with Kimberly-Clark since the return on investment for this ad is measured quite differently, I'm sure, given how the frequently misused Kleenex® brand is currently enjoying the lofty status as one of The 100 Best Global Brands. No doubt, Kimberly-Clark would like to keep not only this annointed status, but even more basically, it would like to keep the status as a brand and protectable trademark intact too.

In all likelihood, trademark types are behind this kind of advertisement, or perhaps more properly termed, "public service announcement," and they also are probably behind the "brand tissue" phrase, closely following each use of the brand name Kleenex®. Both measures help emphasize to consumers that Kleenex® is a brand of tissue coming from a single unique source, not a type or category of tissue coming from a variety of different competing sources.

These kinds of precautions are important educational steps a trademark owner can take when a meaningful portion of the public may misuse the brand name as a generic term. They are designed to shape the public's proper use of the trademark, and, hopefully, prevent the trademark owner's ultimate fear: Genericide. Indeed, we previously noted Kimberly-Clark's success to date on this very subject:

[W]hen the public misuses a famous trademark as a generic term and the brand owner risks losing exclusive rights through changes in the common meaning of the term. Avoiding the risk of this happening is something Kimberly-Clark® knows more than a little about, I suspect. No doubt, the legal team at Kimberly-Clark® has done an impressive job of preventing the KLEENEX® brand from following former brands like ESCALATOR, TRAMPOLINE, and ZIPPER, to name a few, into the unpleasant graveyard of genericide.

In the end, however, trademark owner's efforts aside, the public will decide the issue of genericide, as we have discussed before:

Unlike the kind of trademark abandonment that automatically results from the single act of non-use of a trademark coupled with no intention at that time to resume use of the trademark, the kind of trademark abandonment that is also known as genericide, in contrast, results from a gradual change in the meaning of a trademark or brand to an unprotectable generic term. A change that shifts the meaning -- understood by a majority of the relevant consuming public -- from identifying, distinguishing and indicating a single source for a particular product or service to a designation that connotes no single source at all, but instead, an entire product or service category with multiple unrelated sources.

So long as the "majority of the relevant consuming public" (more than half) continue to understand Kleenex® as a brand, the exclusive trademark rights will remain intact.

If you read AdAge, congratulations, apparently we are part of the "relevant consuming public," or perhaps you are viewed as someone who has influence on how the "relevant consuming public" perceives the Kleenex® brand.

I hope I did my part here, now it's your turn.

What Does "Trademarked" Mean to You?

 

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More than a few trademark types cringe when their clients or others say things like "let's trademark it," "they didn't trademark their logo," or "we don't want to trademark this name," and, when they ask questions like "is it trademarked?" or "is that trademarked software?" or "did we ever trademark our logo?" or "should we be trademarking this packaging?"

Indeed, some have written: “'Trademark' is not a verb. There is no such thing as 'trademarking' a word or phrase." Similar views are expressed here, here, and here.

Perhaps any cringing may result from the fact that the Lanham Act -- the federal trademark statute -- defines the word "trademark" as a noun, not a verb or adjective:

The term "trademark" includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof --

(1) used by a person, or

(2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on the principal register established by this chapter,

to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown.

Section 45 of Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. 1127.

Turns out though, the words "trademark," "trademarked," and "trademarking," are recognized words with established verb meanings that have formed part of the English language: "(1) To label (a product) with proprietary identification; and (2) to register (something) as a trademark." Moreover, the word "trademarked" has an established adjective meaning too: "labeled with proprietary (and legally registered) identification guaranteeing exclusive use; 'trademarked goods'".

From my perspective, there is no need for cringing or even correction, just further inquiry into how the words "trademark," "trademarked," and "trademarking" are being used.

Given the various definitions for these words, the speaker might mean labeling a product or advertising material, utilizing or marking such materials with the appropriate trademark notice or symbol, registering a trademark or service mark, or perhaps, all of the above. Since the described actions (labeling and registering) are quite distinct, it becomes important to seek clarity on the speaker's intended meaning.

For example, when referring to labeling with proprietary notices, the TM symbol does not require any registration for its proper use, and its use does not even imply registration has been sought or achieved. It simply communicates that the owner of the trademark in question views the claimed mark as proprietary. Likewise, when the SM symbol is used, no registration is required, and none is implied by its use, it simply means the claimed service mark is intended by the owner to be proprietary.

On the other hand, federal registration with the United States Trademark Office is a requirement before one can use the above-depicted "R within the Circle" symbol in the U.S., and it means that the mark in question (either a trademark for goods, or a service mark for services) actually has been federally-registered -- having a pending registration application is not enough, the actual Certificate of Registration must have issued for the use to be proper and lawful.

Keep in mind, that the word "trademark" can have meaning either a noun or verb, should not be confused with our previous discussion of whether verbing trademarks and brands is a good idea: "Just so you know, in general, the law views brand names and trademarks as adjectives, not nouns or verbs, so kudos to Nancy Friedman of Fritinancy to recognize this important point." [For my previous Just Verb It? Series, see: Part I, Part II, and Part III].

Counting By Numbers, or Stripes? A Likelihood of Confusion Tale.

    

When it comes to scope of rights and trademark enforcement, as a trademark type, it's hard not to admire Adidas' success in preventing the use of two, three, and four stripes, when its long-standing federally-registered design mark consists of three stripes.

At least in the U.S., Adidas appears to have gained a one stripe buffer on either side of its powerful three stripe iconic symbol, so advocates for Adidas might say 2, 3, or 4 stripes, and you're out (of luck anyway).

(For some great coverage on Adidas' recent trademark enforcement activities, check out Seattle Trademark Lawyer).

How can it be then (within the hospitality industry), that no analogous buffer exists between 4&5, Motel 6, Big 7 MotelBel-Air Motel 7, Big 7 Motel (Chula Vista, California), Big 7 Motel (Valdosta, Georgia), Magnificent Seven, Seven Days, Super 8, and National 9 Inn, with them all happily coexisting (apparently) without any likelihood of confusion?

(Also, how can it be that Super 8 (apparently) doesn't control the Super8Inn.com domain?)

Perhaps it all comes down to what your trademark strength and likelihood of confusion analysis happens to count, stripes or numbers . . . .

Twitter, Twitter Everywhere -- But Will They Own the Tweet?

For the last month or so I've been following the antics of Twitter as they attempt to assert rights to the word "tweet". Based on their completely inconsistent—one might even say schizophrenic approach, I feel justified in using the word "antics".

Until very recently, Twitter didn't seem to care much about what third-party apps were named. In fact, in a blog post from July 2009, founder Biz Stone said, "Regarding the use of the word Twitter in projects, we are a bit more wary although there are some exceptions here as well. After all, Twitter is the name of our service and our company so the potential for confusion is much higher. When folks ask us about naming their application with "Twitter" we generally respond by suggesting more original branding for their project. This avoids potential confusion down the line."

Note the phrasing: “suggesting more original branding”. What happens if the developers don’t take the suggestion? By allowing so many third party apps to use the name already, they’ve tacitly given permission for others to infringe on their trademark. If they then try to defend their trademark against the new filers, what can they say?

A look at the USPTO database reveals that although Twitterrific applied for a trademark in March 2009, they voluntarily dropped it in April, right around the time that Twitter started sending out cease and desist letters. Other applicants - Twitter Twail, TwitterTag, TwitterTool, and Twitter Package - still have active applications which have not yet been refused by the USPTO examiners.

But wait, what? Twitter's sending out C&Ds?

Dean Collins, developer of MyTwitterButler (a Windows Twitter app), received a C&D in August, which asked him to stop using the word "twitter" in his app name, along with a claim of violation of terms of services for the API. The letter says in part:

"As you are likely aware, Twitter's extensive and widespread use of its TWITTER trademark provides Twitter with strong and defensible rights in the mark, and has caused the mark to become well-known, if not famous, in today's online marketplace. Twitter owns trademark applications and registrations for its mark in the United States and numerous other countries for use in connection with its online services, which will provide Twitter with exclusive rights in the mark."

And here's where it gets more interesting. Collins posted the following comment to CNET on August 20th (SIC):

Speaking from personal experience www.MyTwitterButler.com was sent a C&D not only to change the name but cease selling the software that uses the Twitter API forever (which btw conforms to all of the daily account limits set by Twitter when using the API so that confuses us even more), however that's for another time.

My conciliatory gesture to Twitters legal representative was that I would be happy to rename my application www.MyTweetButler.com on the basis on Biz Stone’s blog post...only to be told that no Twitter wouldn't allow me to rename my application to Tweet as they also held the trademark to this as well.

So not only did they not want him to use "twitter", but they forbade him from using "tweet" as well! How does that work, exactly? Sam Johnston has written an excellent overview of the situation, so I'll summarize his points:

- In the same blog post in which he made the "suggesting more original blah blah blah", Stone revealed that Twitter was also trying to trademark the word "tweet" "because it is clearly attached to Twitter from a brand perspective".

- "Tweet" was essentially an organic term, developed by users, to describe a post on Twitter. Twitter itself, in its online documentation, says

Twitter always asks the question, "What are you doing?" Each answer to that question is considered a Twitter status update, or what people often call a "tweet."

strongly implying that it's not an officially sanctioned name.

- Twitter's application for the mark "Tweet" was filed in April of 2009 (remember, that's when those C&Ds started going out) but was initially refused in July. This was due to prior applications for marks containing the word "tweet": CoTweet, Tweetmarks, and TweetPhoto.

Speaking of trademark registrations, despite Twitter's attempts to assert some rights over "tweet" the applications keep coming in. Both Tweetalator and Tweet Beacon were submitted in July.

By the way, I checked with Collins at MyTwitterButler and as of August 25th, he told me "Apart from their lawyers stating I wasn't going to be allowed to just change the name to mytweetbutler.com there has been no progress. I’ve asked for them to specifically tell me what exactly my application is doing wrong against their API but am still waiting for more confirmation."

Let's get back to Stone's blog post. He says, regarding "tweet": [... W]e encourage the use of the word Tweet. However, if we come across a confusing or damaging project, the recourse to act responsibly to protect both users and our brand is important."

Twitter encourages the use of the word "tweet", which they demonstrated by sending out cease & desist letters and/or revoking Twitter accounts, even though Twitter's rights to the name is on shaky ground and they don't use "tweet" as an official word at Twitter, plus they've only just applied for a trademark but been initially refused, and they don't appear to be following up the threatening letters with any kind of action.

Seriously, it seems that Twitter can't make up its mind whether it should be nice to third party developers, or be big meanies. The key to good trademark protection - even if you don't have an actual registered trademark - is consistency. This means using the mark in a proprietary way all the time, not letting other folks get away with using it when you're not paying attention, and asserting your rights where you actually have some. Of course, Twitter needs to protect its intellectual property, but they should have had a strategy for how to do that early on, not as an afterthought. They own "Twitter", but should they prevent other people from using it? Are they really going to make Twitterrific, the most popular iPhone app for Twitter, change its name? Really?

Owning "Tweet", however, seems like a losing battle, and from the press I've seen, it's putting Twitter in a very bad light, especially from the developers' point of view.

Laurel Sutton, Principal Catchword Brand Name Development

Is Twitter® "Following" Kool-Aid®, Mickey Mouse®, and Spam®?

twitterrificDownload-Spam Logo-

What does Twitter have in common with Kool-Aid, Mickey Mouse, and Spam? Maybe nothing, at least yet, but I predict that it will soon, unless Twitter retains some talented PR help in a hurry. Why?

The Kool-Aid, Mickey Mouse, and Spam brands all have spawned secondary or alternate and negative non-trademark meanings that have become part of the English language, meanings in each case that lack positive brand associations, to say the least. If Twitter is not careful it will find itself "following" the likes of Kool-Aid, Mickey Mouse, and Spam, and be in the similar undesirable position of tolerating language changes that distract from their brands and favorable brand messages, to be left watching others make generic use of their brand names to communicate a variety of ideas and meanings that are neither flattering nor brand building.

Kool-Aid "is a brand of artificially-flavored drink mix owned by the Kraft Foods Company," coined by inventor Edwin Perkins as "Kool-Ade" back in 1927. After being correctly or incorrectly associated with the 1978 Jim Jones cult-driven mass suicide known as the Jonestown Massacre, Kool-Aid has spawned an additional and negative non-trademark meaning:

"The saying 'Do not drink the Kool-Aid' now commonly refers to the Jonestown tragedy, meaning 'Do not trust any group you find to be a little on the kooky side,' or 'Whatever they tell you, do not believe it too strongly.' Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly is famous for using the term in this manner."

"Having 'drunk the Kool-Aid' also refers to being a strong or fervent believer in a particular philosophy or mission — wholeheartedly or blindly believing in its virtues." So, based on these alternate and negative meanings, blogs like www.dontdrinkthekoolaidblog.com exist. I suspect that these non-trademark meanings of Kool-Aid have frustrated more than a few Kraft brand managers, marketing types, and lawyers over the years.

Mickey Mouse, the creation of Walt Disney in 1928, has become a valuable brand and icon of The Walt Disney Company over the last several decades. However, there are also pejorative uses of the brand name that Disney apparently has learned to tolerate: "'Mickey Mouse' is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the UK and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit." Mickey Mouse is also defined as informally meaning "useless, insignificant, or worthless," and "trivial or petty."

Spam is a well-known, probably famous, brand of canned and processed meat, owned by Minnesota-based Hormel Foods. It was the butt of jokes in a popular Monty Python sketch, first televised in 1970, and as a result, years later the Spam brand name (coined in 1937) acquired an alternate and negative meaning within the world of electronic communications, namely, junk, undesired, or unsolicited e-mail. Something most people with a computer and e-mail account despise. Probably the only types who don't despise this kind of spam are those who flood the world wide web with it and perhaps those who build businesses and software products to combat the serious problem of spam e-mail. This alternate and negative meaning of Spam is so prevalent that software manufacturers have developed their own brands containing the once single-meaning Spam brand name. For example, SPAMfighter is federally registered for "computer software for eliminating unsolicited commercial electronic mail."

Now, back to Twitter, and to what some call "Drinking the Twitter Kool-Aid."

A possible connection between these four brands (Twitter, Kool-Aid, Mickey Mouse, and Spam) came to me after watching a Kevin Spacey discussion on The Late Show with David Letterman, where Dave and the Academy Award-winning actor discussed Twitter for over four minutes, in which "K-Spa" starts the discussion by admitting that his "business partner" made him "drink the Kool-Aid," that is, Twitter Kool-Aid, implying that the use of Twitter is kooky, or at least promoted by kooks. After more than four minutes of discussing Twitter, and despite touting his "over 800,000 followers" on Twitter, a hilarious Spacey appeared unable to make a compelling case for the beneficial use of Twitter, leaving Letterman to end the conversation by stating, "You know what it reminds me of, oh yeah, a waste of time." Apparently, Dave had harsher words for Twitter back on April 24 when he referred to it as "stupid crap." Others have dubbed it "permission-based stalking."

It appears that Letterman is not the first to have come to the same conclusion about Twitter being "a waste of time." Others, including our own Dan Kelly, certainly have questioned time spent using Twitter. Indeed, a search on Google for "Twitter waste of time" is so popular that it appears as a ready-made search phrase option on Google after typing the character string "Twitter wa" -- and this search query actually yields 30,700,000 hits. The number one hit on Google using this search query agrees that it is, "unless you use it in a way that isn't." Given this growing negative dialogue, one has to wonder, will the public embrace a new meaning of Twitter, basically, a single word replacement for the clunkier three-word phrase "waste of time"? Instead of frittering one's time away, might you be accused of "twittering" your time away, even if you're no where near a computer, handheld device, or cellphone? Will these alternate and negative "time wasting" meanings begin to appear in dictionaries, opening the floodgates to additional undesired uses that may be difficult or impossible to control?

I submit that there are plenty of uses that the law is simply not prepared to stop. Knowing which are which is, of course, important. In addition, this is where the close collaboration of marketers, trademark types, and perhaps most importantly, PR gurus is necessary and critical, to help brand managers prevent their brands from spawning alternate and negative meanings that can distract from or undermine favorable brand development and management.

The FURminator® and Ads Touting Utility: Marking the Termination of Product Configuration Trademark Protection?

Furminator deShedding Tool
 
 

If FURminator Inc. were looking for a pitchman to promote and increase sales of the "famous" FURminator® pet grooming tool, and recognizing the recent, sudden and unforfunate passing of famous bearded TV pitchman Billy Mays (who could sell household products better than just about anyone, and still appears to be doing so after his passing), I'm thinking that the fictional cyborg assassin character played by "Ahnold" in "The Terminator" film would be the next best pitchman for the futuristic, stylish, and eye-catching pet grooming product shown above.

While either Billy Mays or Ahnold probably could have increased, or still could increase, sales of the product, it is more likely that neither could have saved the company from losing its bid to register trademark protection for the claimed trade dress, covering the three dimensional shape and appearance of the product. Since the applications were refused registration by the U.S. Trademark Office on functionality grounds here and here, and they terminated (were abandoned) without response, I suspect that early collaborations between legal and marketing types (and probably engineering types too) is all that might have helped avoid the terminal fate of these wishful non-traditional trademark applications.

Product configurations, such as the product shape shown above, may be owned, registered and protected as unconventional or non-traditional trademarks, but only if the claimed design is non-functional and it is proven to have secondary meaning a/k/a acquired distinctiveness. Our friend John Welch of the TTABlog published a nice piece on this topic a few years back.

One cannot recover from a trademark functionality refusal when one's own marketing materials and advertising touts the utility or the functional advantages of the very applied-for design features. Although it doesn't appear that the assigned Examining Attorney at the Trademark Office used advertising of the Applicant, FURminator Inc., to support the functionality refusal, as they are quite happy to do when they can, it appears there was more than ample "touting" material available.

An Applicant's website is where most Examining Attorneys start, and in this case, one of the touted "features and benefits" of the FURminator® deShedding Tool found on its website is the "Ergonomic handle" also known as the "Ergonomic rubber comfort grip." In fact, on the Applicant's About Us page it says even more: "Little by little they experimented with different, more-ergonomic handle designs and more-effective edges. After many modifications they arrived at their most successful design and had it patented." Ouch, deshedding with statements like this hurts your ability to secure trademark protection in non-traditional trademarks, including product configurations and trade dress. Moreover, Online retailers and others in the media tend to quickly take the lead of the manufacturer and repeat the same kind of unhelpful statements, making it virtually impossible to clean up all the dander mess after the fact.

Obviously, early strategic collaboration between legal and marketing types can lead to success in avoiding the creation of marketing materials and advertising that make it impossible to ever protect the configuration of a product using the trademark laws. It is also important not to forget to include engineering or other technical types in early conversations about the possibility of securing legal protection -- even before the final product design is completed.

How do you know when engineers or other technical types in an organization are driving the company sales bus without trademark and marketing licenses? One sign might be when advertising and marketing materials tout utilitarian advantages of product features that the company would like to own forever as a trademark (long after any design and utility patents expire). Another sign can be when trademark applications and registrations employ complicated, detailed, patent-like, narrow descriptions such as "pet brush, namely, a grooming device for fur bearing animals in the nature of a brushlike instrument for removal of the animals' loose or shedding hair," instead of straightforward, broad, and pre-approved trademark-like descriptions such as "brushes for pets". Kind of reminds me of the trouble Rollerblade got into by using "boots equipped with longitudinally aligned rollers used for skating and skiing" instead of "in-line skates" during its first decade of business, as you may recall from my prior blog post, here.

Finally, it appears that FURminator Inc. has not yet given up on a related, but different pair of non-traditional trademark applications for the so-called "trade dress" of the FURminator® grooming tool, of course, minus the product shape or configuration, leaving only a combination of colors as they are applied to the product: "[T]he color black of the hand-grip portion of the handle of the tool in combination with the color blue [or yellow] making up the portion of the handle that attaches the hand grip portion to the pet-engageable portion of the tool." Earlier this year both applications were initially refused registration on lack of distinctiveness grounds, here and here, and responses are due in about a week, so we'll know soon whether these applications will continue to be petted and combed or if they'll simply be shed from the company's trademark portfolio.

Anyone else think they may have a bit of hair on them?

Rapala Fishing Lures: More Hits Than Google? Or, More Cats Than You Can Shake a Stick At?

Rapala Fishing Equipment: Cats

Rapala, the world's largest manufacturer of fishing lures has pleasured us with some pretty clever and creative advertisements over the years, a lot of them award-winning ads too. For example, Carmichael Lynch created the above billboard ad that over time gradually "attracted cats" to the billboard featuring a super-sized Rapala minnow fishing lure. Lots of cats, in fact, many more than you can shake a stick at, you might say, if you fancy idioms and don't happen to be fond of those feline types. Carmichael Lynch notes: "With simplicity and humor, we've helped the [Rapala] brand connect with its enthusiast audience and grow to be the undisputed market leader for fishing lures." This is simply delicious creativity.

More recently, however, the undisputed market leader for fishing lures is now using the brand name of the undisputed market leader for Internet search engines in Rapala billboard advertising, apparently to continue growing Rapala's fishing lure business. Although there are Twitter tweets and other mentions on the web referring to this new Rapala billboard ad, I haven't been able to locate an online image yet, so I'll have to take a picture of the one I have seen myself and post it here when I can. In the meantime, just picture the above billboard minus the cats (and minnow lure) and with this slogan in large prominent black type above the red Rapala logo: "More Hits Than Google". Is this new Rapala billboard ad one of the award-winning variety?

What does an Internet search engine have to do with a fishing lure anyway? Apparently, quite a lot, at least, in a macro sense. Successful ones from each variety are measured by the number of "hits" they are able to attract. Lures attract fish hits: "One of the greatest moments for any fishermen is when a huge bass 'hits' their top water lure". A search engine attracts Internet user hits to itself and various other searched-for websites and blogs: Hit means a "connection made to a website over the Internet or another network: Our company's website gets about 2,000 hits daily."

In any event, if there were awards given for ads that raise questions of interest to trademark types, then Rapala's "More Hits Than Google" billboard ad may be in the running for at least a (Dis)Honorable or Honorable(ss) Mention. As a trademark attorney, I am always drawn to and intrigued by ads that use the trademarks of others, especially those far outside the context of comparative advertising, where the justification to do so seems somewhat "fishy," or at least, more strained. They are particularly interesting to me because they raise so many questions for trademark types to wonder about.

Here are but a few questions to ponder: Why mention Google by name? Why mention any search engine by name? What would be lost by saying instead: "More Hits Than Your Favorite Search Engine?" Was the ad reviewed by legal? Was the ad cleared by legal? Note the difference between the previous two questions? Was Google asked for permission? Did Google grant permission? Is Google's permission needed? Does this use of the Google brand constitute nominative fair use? Does the ad suggest any sponsorship or endorsement by Google? Is the ad likely to confuse any consumers as to whether there is some sort of connection between Rapala and Google? Does your answer change to either of the prior two questions, knowing that Rapala billboard ads use a Google-like minimalist design having a stark white rectangular background with other minimal content centered in the white rectangle? Is Google aware? Does Google care? Does the ad contain a claim that requires substantiation? Would anyone take it literally? Does it constitute mere puffery? I could keep going, but you get the idea, right?

In case you're interested, still hungry, and not exhausted by all these unanswered questions, here are a couple of my prior posts discussing the use of another's trademark in advertising:

  1. Picking Levi's Pocket or Nominative Fair Use; and
  2. Using Another's Body to Sell Your Products? The Problem of Airbrushing Non-Traditional Trademarks.

 

Are Your Business Signs and Brand on the Same Page?

Hopefully you enjoy riddles. It is late Sunday afternoon, 4:30 pm to be exact. Too early for valet parking at Fogo de Chao, a wonderful Brazilian steakhouse, so you drive two blocks and enter a parking lot with the following sign:

                                 

You had a very nice dinner and now you're ready to leave the parking lot at 6:15 pm. Based on the above sign (and contract, by the way), how much do you owe the parking attendant? Instead of humming the Jeopardy thinking music theme song, might I suggest you consider humming the 1970 Five Man Electrical Band tune "Signs" during your calculation. And for any '70s challenged folk, I'll prime the pump for you: "Sign, sign, everywhere a sign, blocking out the scenery, breaking my mind, do this, don't do that, can't you read the sign?"

Simple sign, simple question, simple answer, right? I thought so, at first, but apparently not. Well after the fact, my rather informal survey yielded four different answers from four different people:

  1. $3.50
  2. $6.50
  3. $11.00
  4. $14.50

So, what is your answer? One of the above, or none of the above? I chose Door No. 2.

OK, because I entered the lot before 5pm and was ready to leave the lot after 5pm, I offered to pay $6.50, for spending 1-2 hours in the lot, but was told I had to pay the $11.00 "Weekend Night Rate" to exit the lot, unless I wanted to call the police and convince them otherwise. Really.

After a rather frustrating face-to-face discussion with the attendant and an even more frustrating telephone discussion with the night manager on duty (this guy seemed to be a Five Man Electrical Band fan with a heavy emphasis on the "can't you read the sign?" lyrics), I declined the offer to call 911, paid the $11.00, and took it up with parking lot management bright and early on Monday morning. After speaking with a total four different employees, I was left with the firm conviction that they "knew" I owed $11.00, because they "knew" what they meant the sign to say, yet my fine legal training told me otherwise because neither the "Night Rate" exception (enter after 5pm) nor the "Weekend Day Rate" exception (valid 5am-5pm) applied to my situation.

Anyway, this negative brand experience got me thinking about how important good, clear, and accurate signs are to building favorable and positive brand experiences. It also got me thinking about what makes a good sign, and putting aesthetics and design aside, because those topics are better left for our talented pool of Guest Bloggers, I came up with two key elements: (1) simplicity; and (2) accuracy. In fact, I submit that if either is lacking it can lead to a negative brand experience -- one where the sign and the brand the sign represents are out of sync or not on the same page, so to speak (assuming, of course, one promise of the brand is a favorable experience).

By way of dramatic contrast, the favorable brand experience I had at Fogo really reinforced and illustrated this point. Indeed, one of the "signs" that Fogo is known for is the two-sided disk -- one side red, the flip-side green. Everyone at the table gets one. The Fogo disk sign easily satisfies the simplicity portion of my two-part sign test:

"Each guest uses a two-sided disk to control the pace of their meal. The green side signals the Gaucho chefs to bring out skewers of sizzling fire-roasted meats to carve at the table. The red side indicates a stopping point. Turning back to green lets the Gaucho chefs know to start offering the meats again."

Not only is the Fogo disk sign simple, it is accurate too. The Gaucho chefs don't bother you when you desire a "stopping point," (perhaps to loosen your belt) unless someone sitting next to you plays a childhood prank by quietly flipping your disk back to green, as my giggling children learned quickly, and as the Gaucho chefs seem to have seen more than a few times before. So, the Fogo disk sign reinforces the Fogo brand and creates at least the opportunity for a positive brand experience because it is both simple and accurate.

As an aside, for you trademark types who enjoy riddles, no, it doesn't appear that Fogo views the two-sided disk as a trademark, at least it hasn't attempted to register it as one yet, despite owning two other rather interesting non-traditional trademarks, including five vertical skewers of meat surrounding a campfire, and a chimney design. I'm thinking that the above quote from Fogo's website would make it rather difficult to overcome a functionality refusal on the two-sided disk, at least as a non-conventional trademark.

Anyway, to wrap things up, back to the parking lot part of the story. The fourth person I spoke to, the person with whom "the buck stops," had a much different view of the parking lot brand than the previous three. So, not only can poor business signs get in the way of positive brand experiences, but obviously, employees who don't live up to the company's brand promises can too. I was eventually told "we want to keep you as a customer," despite what the others said. In fact, I was mailed a full refund (more than I asked for) and I cashed the check a couple of days ago, just in time to feel safe running with this blog post. And, in case you're wondering, I am also informed that the sign is being "re-done," so let's just consider this whole exercise a public service.